For example, when interviewing users who are interested in gardening and the designer realizes the majority of them have the problem of forgetting to water their plants every morning, the designer may include an alarm-feature in the final design to address this problem.
The designerās goal is to keep the tasks as simple as possible and eliminate any unnecessary steps, keeping the process simple and straightforward.
Task analysis refers to the broad practice of learning about how users work (i.e., the tasks they perform) to achieve their goals. Task analysis emerged out of instructional design (the design of training) and human factors and ergonomics (understanding how people use systems in order to improve safety, comfort, and productivity).
Task analysis is crucial for user experience, because a design that solves the wrong problem (i.e., doesnāt support usersā tasks) will fail, no matter how good its UI.
In the realm of task analysis,Ā a task refers to any activity that is usually observable and has a start and an end point. For example, if the goal is to set up a retirement fund, then the user might have to search for good deals, speak to a financial advisor, and fill in an application form ā all of which are tasks.
Purpose of Task Analysis
In their bookĀ User and Task Analysis for Interface Design, JoAnn Hackos and Janice Redish note that performing a task analysis helps you understand:
- What your usersā goals are; what they are trying to achieve
- What users actually do to achieve those goals
- What experiences (personal, social, and cultural) users bring to the tasks
- How users are influenced by their physical environment
- How usersā previous knowledge and experience influence:
- How they think about their work
- The workflow they follow to perform their tasks
Task analysis is slightly different from job analysis (what an employee does in her role across a certain period of time ā such as a week, month, or year) or workflow analysis (how work gets done across multiple people). In task analysis, the focus is on one user, her goal, and how she carries out tasks in order to achieve it. Thus, even though the name ātask analysisā may suggest that the analysis is of just one task, task analysis may address multiple tasks, all in service of the same goal.
Studying users, their goals, and their tasks, is an important part of the design process. When designers perform task analysis, they are well equipped to create products and services that work how users expect and that help users achieve their goals easily and efficiently. Task analysis, as a method, provides a systematic way to approach this learning process. It can be flexibly applied to both existing designs (e.g., the use of an enterprise system) and system-agnostic processes (e.g., shopping for groceries).
The task-analysis process can be viewed as two discrete stages:
Stage 1: Gather informationĀ on goals and tasksĀ by observing and speaking with users and/or subject-matter experts.
Stage 2: Analyze the tasks performed to achieve goalsĀ to understand the overall number of tasks and subtasks, their sequence, their hierarchy, and their complexity. The analyst typically produces diagrams to document this analysis.
Stage 1: Gather Information
In stage 1, typically, a combination of methods is used to learn about user goals and tasks. They include:
- Contextual inquiry: The task analyst visits the user onsite and conducts aĀ semistructured interviewĀ to understand the userās role, typical activities, and the various tools and processes used and followed. Then the analystĀ watches the user work. After a period of observation, the user is asked questions about what the analyst observed.
- InterviewsĀ using theĀ critical incident technique: Users are asked to recall critical incidents, and the interviewer asks many followup questions to gather specific details about what happened. The stories provide detail on the tasks performed, the userās goals, and where problems lie.
- Record keeping: Users are asked to keep records orĀ diary entriesĀ of the tasks they perform over a certain period of time. Additionally, tracking software can be used for monitoring user activity.
- Activity sampling: Users are watched or recorded for a certain period of time in order to document which tasks are being performed, as well as their duration and frequency.
- Simulations: The task analyst walks through the steps that a user might take using a given system.
When carrying out research, do not rely solely on self-reported behavior (i.e., through interviews or surveys) or simulations (remember:Ā you are not the user!), but alsoĀ observe the user at work in her own context. Otherwise, you could miss out on important nuances or details.
Stage 2: Analyze Tasks
In stage 2, the task analyst will structure the observations by certain attributes like order, hierarchy, frequency, or even cognitive demands, to analyze the complexity of the process users follow in order to achieve their goals. The result of this analysis is often a graphical representation called aĀ task-analysis diagram.
There are many different types of diagrams that could be produced, such as standard flowcharts or operational-sequence diagrams. However, the most commonly known and used in task analysis is the hierarchical task-analysis diagram (HTA). The figure below shows an example of an HTA for the goal of creating a digital copy of a physical letter using a new home scanner.
An HTA diagram starts with a goal and scenario (in the same way that aĀ
Not all users accomplish goals in the same way. For example, a novice user might perform more tasks than an expert user ā the latter might skip certain steps. The HTA enables these differences to be captured through āplansā. A plan specifies, at each level, what the order of the steps is, and which steps might be undertaken when or by whom.
While a task-analysis diagram is useful to illustrate the overall steps in a process and is an excellent communication tool ā especially forĀ complex systemsĀ ā it can also be used as a starting point for further analyses. For example, the following attributes could be considered for the tasks in an HTA.
- TheĀ overall numberĀ of tasks: Are there too many? Perhaps there are opportunities to create a design that could streamline the process and remove some steps.
- TheĀ frequencyĀ of tasks: How often are certain tasks performed? Are some tasks filled with repetition?
- TheĀ cognitive complexityĀ of the tasks: What mental processes (i.e., thoughts, judgments, and decisions) are needed to complete a given task? (A whole branch of task analysis known asĀ cognitive task analysisĀ is concerned with these questions and with making visible the mental schemas and processes). If there are a lot of mental operations involved, the difficulty of the overall task increases, and the analyst should consider the likelihood of user error.
- TheĀ physical requirementsĀ of the task: What does the user need to physically do? Could this physical requirement affect user performance and comfort? And how could these physical requirements affect users with disabilities?
- TheĀ time takenĀ to perform each task: Activity sampling or theoretical modeling (such as GOMS) can be used to estimate how long tasks would take users to complete.
At the end of the task analysis, the analyst has a good understanding of all the different tasks users may perform to achieve their goals and the nature of those tasks. Armed with this knowledge, the analyst can design (or redesign) an efficient, intuitive, and easy-to-use product or service.
Summary
Task analysis is a systematic method of studying the tasks users perform in order to reach their goals. The method begins with research to collect tasks and goals, followed by a systematic review of the tasks observed. A task-analysis diagram or an HTA is often the product of task analysis; the HTA can be used to communicate to others the process users follow, as well as a starting point for further assessment.
References
Hackos, J. A. T., & Redish, J. (1998).Ā User and task analysis for interface design. New York: Wiley.
Kirwan, B. (Ed.), Ainsworth, L. (Ed.). (1992).Ā A guide to task analysis. London: CRC Press,Ā https://doi.org/10.1201/b16826
Stanton, N. A. (January 01, 2006). Hierarchical task analysis: Developments, applications, and extensions.Ā Applied Ergonomics, 37,Ā 1, 55-79.Ā https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2005.06.003.